Materi 10 : PASSIVE VOICE & CAUSATIVE HAVE

Passive Voice

Passive Voice adalah suatu grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.  Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi active, subject berhubungan langsung dengan verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.

Rumus Passive Voice

	S + auxiliaries verb + past participle

 

Catatan:

a.       Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being), kombinasi antara dua primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) atau antara primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been).

b.      Past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja transitive.

Contoh:

She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive), He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)

c.       Perubahan bentuk dari base form ke past tense dan past participle secara regular atau irregular.

Contoh:

play (base form) —> played (past participle), sing (base form) —> sung (past participle).

Contoh kalimat Passive Voice :

*Simple present tense

Pattern    :  is/am/are + past participle.

Example : Potatoes, black beans and chesnuts are rarely consumed raw.

* Present continuous tense

Pattern    : is/am/are + being + present participle

Example : Fio is being served by one of the waitress now.

* Gerund

Pattern    : being + past participle

Example : The new member enjoys being received into our support group.

* Simple future tense

Pattern    : will + be + past participle

Example : You will be contacted if you meet the minimum requirements for this job.

* Present perfect tense

Pattern    : has/have + been + present participle

Example : Nothing has been stolen except his credit card.

*Simple past tense

Pattern    : was/were + past participle

Example :

-The buildings were made of marble and granite.

-A negative anonymous letter was left on my car this morning.

- The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia was written by the Committee for Examination of Indonesian Independence and the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence.

*Infinitive

Pattern   : (to) be + past participle

Example : I want to know why a woman prefers to be managed by a man.

Causative Verb

Causative verb adalah kata kerja yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa subject tidak bertanggungjawab langsung terhadap aksi yang terjadi melainkan seseorang atau sesuatu yang lain yang melakukan aksi tersebut.

Fungsi dan Rumus Causative Verbs

Kalimat causative verb terbagi menjadi 2 macam, yaitu active dan passive causative. Pada kalimat active causative verb, agent (yang mengerjakan aksi) diketahui. Sebaliknya, pada kalimat passive causative verb, agent biasanya tidak disebutkan. Let, make, have, dan get merupakan causative verb yang umum digunakan.

Fungsi dan rumus let, make, have, dan get dalam bentuk tabel sebagai berikut :

Verb	Fungsi	Rumus Active and Passive Causative
Let	membiarkan seseorang melakukan sesuatu	Active:  S + let + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + …
Make	memaksa atau sangat menyakinkan seseorang untuk melakukan sesuatu	Active:  S + (make-made) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + …
Have	menginginkan seseorang mengerjakan sesuatu untuk subjek	Active:  S + (have-had) + agent + action verb (bare infinitive) + object Passive:  S + (have-had) + object + action verb (V-3)
Get	mirip dengan have namun dengan struktur kalimat yang berbeda	Active:  S + (get-got) + agent + action verb (to infinitive) + … Passive:  S + (got) + object + action verb (V-3)

Berikut tabel contoh kalimat Causative Verb :

Rumus	Verb	Contoh kalimat
Active Causative Verbs	Have – had	Lala had her friend take her result test.
		The student had the teacher speak slowly.
	Get – got	She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.
		The boy got his cat to chase a mouse.
	Make – made	The woman made her daughter eat up the tomatoes.
		The manager makes her staff work hard.
	Let	My father lets me choose my own future carrier.
		The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.
Passive Causative Verbs	Have – had	I had my house renovated last week.
		He had his book returned as soon as possible.
	Get – got	Teddy got the money saved in the bank.
		Yulia got her bedroom cleaned.

Sumber :

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-causative-verbs

http://www.wordsmile.com/contoh-soal-passive-voice-jawabannya

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat-passive-voice

Materi 9 : CONNECTRS

Pengertian

Connectors adalah kata penghubung atau conjunction memiliki 3 jenis yaitu : 

1.      Coordinating Connectors

Adalah kata hubung yang digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua konstruksi gramatikal yang sama yaitu: kata, frasa (phrase), atau klausa (clause). Elemen yang dihubungkan tersebut biasanya bersifat paralel (kedudukannya sejajar) secara struktur gramatikal. Kata hubung ini sering digunakan pada compound sentence untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause.

 

Punctuation (Tanda Baca) pada Coordinate Connectors

Jika coordinate connectors digunakan untuk menghubungkan dua independent clause di dalam suatu compound sentence, maka tanda baca koma (comma) ditempatkan tepat sebelum kata hubung tersebut.

Contoh Punctuation pada Coordinate Connectors:

-          I love running and swimming. (antar verb)

-          Rita and I arrived this morning, and we just left 10 minutes ago. (antar independent clause)

Berikut tabel dari Coordinate Connectors

Coordinate Connectors	Keterangan	Contoh Kalimat
For (karena)	For diikuti reason (alasan)	He didn’t come last night, for he fell asleep.
And (dan)	And menyatakan hubungan penambahan	The trainees laughed and cried simultaneously. Richard and Nando wake up at 5:00 am, and they go to school at 6:30 am.
Nor (tidak juga dan tidak)	Nor  sering didahului negative element	He didn’t answer my call, nor did him  friends when I called them last night.
But (tapi, namun)	But  untuk menyatakan pertentangan	The woman helped in sincerity, but many people thought negatively about her.
Or (atau)	Or  untuk menyatakan alternatif	What do you prefer to stay at home or go to the cinema on this weekend?
Yet (meskipun, demikian)	Yet  untuk menyatakan pertentangan dan semakna “nevertheless” atau “but”	The book is thick, yet the text is large.
So (jadi, oleh karena itu)	So semakna “therefore” dan diikuti result (hasil, konsekuensi)	Andien has lived in London for more than five years, so she can speak English well.

2.      Subordinating Connectors (cause connector, misal: because, because of)

Adalah kata hubung yang mengawali suatu subordinate clause (berupa adverbial clause) yang berfungsi membangun hubungan ide antara subordinate clause tersebut dengan main clause. Adapun gabungan antara dependent dan main clause menghasilkan complex sentence.

Subordinate connectors digunakan pada subordinate clause, yaitu bagian yang idenya kurang penting dibanding pada main clause. Connectors ini memiliki antara lain hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place), pertentangan (contrast), sebab akibat (cause-effect), syarat (condition), tujuan (reason), dan cara (manner).

Berikut tabel Subordinate dengan hubungan waktu (time), tempat (place) dan pertentangan (contrast)

Hubungan	Subordinate Connectors	Contoh Kalimat
TIME (waktu)	After (setelah)	After I changed the APN, I unpluged my modem and waited for 5 minutes.
	As (ketika, sementara) As soon as (segera, setelah)	As soon as they finish filling the questionnaire, I will process the data.
	When (ketika)	Anna found so much expired food when she was cleaning the kitchen.
	Before (sebelum)	Before she went to Jakarta, she got her flowers watered.
	Since (sejak)	Since the boy bought a PS3, he forgot to study.
	Until/till (sampai)	The students focused on the test until/till the time was over.
	Whenever (kapan saja, sewaktu – waktu)	You can come to my house whenever you want.
	While (ketika, sementara)	While I was studying in my room, I didn’t let someone else to disturb.
PLACE (tempat)	Where (dimana)	Nobody knows where she lives now.
	Wherever (dimanapun)	We should be polite and pleasant wherever we live
CONTRAST (pertentangan)	Although/even though/ though (meskipun)	She goes forward such a tank although / even though / though many friends confronts her ambition.
	While (meskipun)	While I’m annoyed, I try to think positively.
	Even if (kalaupun)	Even if Bima is not qualified enough to enter the top university, he’ll try again next year.
	Whereas (sebaliknya, sedangkan)	I like doing execise whereas my brother like sleeping.

3.      Correlative Connectors (Not only…but also, either or…neither nor, both…and)

Adalah kata hubung yang digunakan berpasangan untuk menunjukkan hubungan antara dua kata, frasa (phrase), atau klausa (clause). Elemen kalimat yang dihubungkan biasanya bersifat paralel (ke dudukannya sejajar) secara struktur gramatikal. Kata hubung ini disebut juga paired connectors.

Berikut tabel Correlative Connectors

Correlative Connectors	Contoh Kalimat
As … as  … (se - …)	Diana is as beautiful as her sister.
Beetwen … and … (diantara … dan …)	There are no difference beetwen you and him.
Both … and … (baik … maupun …)	She loves both swimming and running.
Neither … and … (tidak … atau …)	The man is neither handsome nor faithful.
Either … or … (entah … atau …)	Either Nisa or her mother is a scientist.
From … to … (dari … ke …)	I travelled from England to Rome in three days.
Hardly … when … (hampir … ketika …)	Hardly had you left the restaurant when the party was started.
If … then … (jika … ketika/lebih baik …)	If you help him now, then he’ll repay oneday.
Not only … but also … (tidak hanya … tetapi juga …)	He can drive not only a car but also a helicopter.
The more … the less … (semakin banyak … semakin sedikit …)	The more we learn grammar, the less we face the difficulty in writing.
Whether … or … (apakah … atau …)	I’m confused whether to live in Jakarta or to live in Bandung.

Sumber :

https://rizqialextoramadhan.wordpress.com/2012/06/12/5-coordinate-connector-toefl-skill/

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-coordinate-conjunctions

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-subordinate-conjunctions

http://www.wordsmile.com/pengertian-contoh-kalimat-correlative-conjunctions